Iran Population 2026 | Live Population Clock By Region
Key Facts About the Iran Population in 2026
- Iran’s population is estimated at between about 86.6 million and 93.2 million, depending on the source: an Iranian Health Ministry figure cited in May 2026 puts it at 86.56 million, while the United Nations projects 92.4 million for 2025 and 93.2 million for 2026
- The last conventional census, in 2016, counted 79.9 million people, so every current figure is an estimate built on that base
- Registered births fell to about 892,000 in the Iranian year ending March 2026, the first time below 900,000 and the lowest in about 70 years, down from 1.57 million in 2015 to 2016
- A Health Ministry official reported the total fertility rate at 1.35 in the year to March 2025, down from 1.6 a year earlier, while the UN estimates about 1.7
- In the year to March 2025 there were 979,929 registered births and 458,873 deaths, a natural increase of about 521,000
- The median age is about 34 years, up from about 17 in 1990, and about 12.6 percent of Iranians are aged 60 or over
- Marriages have fallen by roughly 30 percent since 2022 and 2023, to 470,372 in the year to March 2025
- Iran hosts about 4.4 million Afghans, the largest refugee population in the world, but about 2.5 million Afghans have returned or been deported since January 2025
- Since 28 February 2026, a war involving the United States and Israel has displaced about 3.2 million Iranians within the country, according to UN agencies and the Iranian government
- About 77 to 78 percent of Iranians live in cities, and Tehran province is the most populous, with 13.3 million people at the 2016 census
- Projections suggest the population will peak at roughly 100 to 105 million around 2050 and then stabilize or decline
Iran Population 2026: Size, Provinces, Births, & War Displacement
Introduction to the Iran Population
What the Iran Population Count Includes
Iran’s Statistical Centre (SCI) conducted its last conventional census in 2016, recording 79,926,270 residents. Between censuses, the SCI and the National Organization for Civil Registration estimate the population from birth, death, and marriage registrations, and the Health Ministry and the UN produce their own figures. The resident population includes Iranian citizens and foreign nationals living in the country, most notably Afghans, though how many foreign residents are counted differs by source and many are undocumented.
This leads to a gap that every reader of Iran’s demographic statistics will notice. An Iranian Health Ministry official cited a population of 86.56 million in May 2026, made up of 43.66 million men and 42.91 million women, while the UN’s World Population Prospects projects 92.4 million for 2025 and 93.2 million for 2026. Other published estimates, including those from the CIA and statistical aggregators, fall between 87 million and 93 million. Differences of up to six million people reflect the age of the census base, different assumptions about fertility and migration, and uncertainty about the number of foreign residents.
Current Iran Population
This article uses a range rather than a single number. At the low end, Iranian official sources point to about 86.6 million. At the high end, UN modeling points to about 93 million. What all sources agree on is that population growth has slowed sharply, to roughly 0.4 to 0.9 percent a year, and that the number of births has fallen to the lowest level in decades.
Why Iran Population Data Matters
Iran’s population policy has swung dramatically over four decades, from encouraging large families in the 1980s, to one of the world’s most successful family planning programs in the 1990s, to a pronatalist push since the 2010s. The country’s demographic trajectory also affects the labor market, pension funds, higher education, the military, and regional politics. Today it matters even more because of war damage, displacement, and the forced return of Afghan residents, all of which are reshaping the population in ways that official statistics have not yet fully captured.
Iran Population at a Glance
| Metric | Figure |
|---|---|
| Population, 2016 census | 79,926,270 |
| Population estimate, Iranian Health Ministry (May 2026) | 86.56 million |
| Population estimate, UN (2025) | 92.4 million |
| Population estimate, UN (2026) | 93.2 million |
| Registered births, year to March 2025 | 979,929 |
| Registered births, year to March 2026 | 892,268 |
| Registered deaths, year to March 2025 | 458,873 |
| Total fertility rate, year to March 2025 (Health Ministry) | 1.35 |
| Total fertility rate (UN estimate, 2025) | About 1.7 |
| Median age (UN, 2025) | 34.0 years |
| Life expectancy (UN, 2025) | About 78 years |
| Population aged 0 to 14 (UN, 2025) | 22.0% |
| Population aged 60 and over (UN, 2025) | 12.6% |
| Urban share (UN, 2026) | About 77.7% |
| Marriages, year to March 2025 | 470,372 |
| Afghans in Iran (UNHCR, late 2025) | About 4.4 million |
| People displaced within Iran by the 2026 war | About 3.2 million |
| Largest province | Tehran (13.27 million at 2016 census) |
Iran Population by Historical Period
From 19 Million to 80 Million
Iran’s census counts show one of the fastest population increases of any large country in the second half of the 20th century. The 1956 census counted about 18.95 million people. By 1976 the figure had reached about 33.7 million, and the 1986 census, taken after the revolution and during the war with Iraq, recorded about 49.4 million. The population then grew to about 60.1 million in 1996, 70.5 million in 2006, 75.1 million in 2011, and 79.9 million in 2016, a fourfold increase over 60 years.
The Baby Boom and the Family Planning Revolution
After the 1979 revolution, the government encouraged large families, and the total fertility rate peaked at about 6.6 children per woman in the early 1980s. By the late 1980s, officials changed course. A national family planning program, launched in 1989 and supported by religious leaders, free contraception, and mandatory premarital counseling, reduced the fertility rate with remarkable speed, to replacement level by about 2000. Iran’s fertility decline is often cited as one of the fastest in history.
The Pronatalist Turn
From 2012, the leadership reversed course again, calling for higher birth rates and cutting back family planning services. A 2021 law on youth population and family support restricted access to contraception and sterilization and offered incentives for larger families. Officials have repeatedly warned that Iran is approaching a point where the population ages quickly and deaths could eventually exceed births.
Iran Population Growth by Census Year
| Year | Census population (approximate) | Average annual growth |
|---|---|---|
| 1956 | 18.95 million | Baseline |
| 1966 | 25.79 million | About 3.1% |
| 1976 | 33.71 million | About 2.7% |
| 1986 | 49.45 million | About 3.9% |
| 1996 | 60.06 million | About 2.0% |
| 2006 | 70.50 million | About 1.6% |
| 2011 | 75.15 million | About 1.3% |
| 2016 | 79.93 million | About 1.2% |
Historical census counts are rounded and drawn from SCI publications. Average annual growth rates are approximate.
Iran Population by Province
The Most Populous Provinces
| Province | Population, 2016 census (approximate) | Share of 2016 total |
|---|---|---|
| Tehran | 13.27 million | 16.6% |
| Khorasan Razavi | 6.43 million | 8.0% |
| Isfahan | 5.12 million | 6.4% |
| Fars | 4.85 million | 6.1% |
| Khuzestan | 4.71 million | 5.9% |
| East Azerbaijan | 3.91 million | 4.9% |
| Mazandaran | 3.28 million | 4.1% |
| Kerman | 3.16 million | 4.0% |
| Sistan and Baluchestan | 2.78 million | 3.5% |
| Alborz | 2.71 million | 3.4% |
| Iran | 79.93 million | 100% |
Provincial figures are rounded 2016 census counts. The SCI has published later provincial estimates, but they are not used here because they were not verified against the original releases. Shares are calculated from the rounded numbers.
The Tehran Concentration
Tehran province held about one in six Iranians in 2016, and the Tehran metropolitan region, which includes the neighboring province of Alborz and the satellite city of Karaj, is by far the country’s economic and political center. The capital also has the lowest fertility in the country. A figure of about 1.15 to 1.2 children per woman has been reported for Tehran province, compared with much higher rates in Sistan and Baluchestan and some other peripheral provinces, though the sources for this figure are secondary and should be checked.
Births by Province
In the Iranian year ending March 2025, Tehran province registered the most births, at 120,562, and Ilam province the fewest, at 6,534. The average age of first-time mothers and fathers was highest in Tehran, at 30.6 and 34.8 years, and lowest in Sistan and Baluchestan, at 22.6 and 27.2 years. The nationwide average age of first-time mothers was 27.5 years.
Iran Population by City
| City | Population, 2016 census (approximate) | Note |
|---|---|---|
| Tehran | About 8.7 million | Capital, much larger in its metropolitan region |
| Mashhad | About 3.0 million | Religious pilgrimage center, Khorasan Razavi |
| Isfahan | About 1.96 million | Historic center in the central plateau |
| Karaj | About 1.59 million | Satellite city west of Tehran |
| Shiraz | About 1.57 million | Capital of Fars |
| Tabriz | About 1.56 million | Northwest, East Azerbaijan |
| Qom | About 1.2 million | Religious center |
| Ahvaz | About 1.18 million | Khuzestan oil region |
City figures are rounded approximations of 2016 census counts and should be refreshed with the latest SCI estimates before publication.
About 77 to 78 percent of Iranians now live in cities, according to UN estimates, up from about 31 percent in 1956. Rural areas continue to lose people to the cities, and many villages in the arid center and east are close to empty.
Iran Population by Age
Age Structure Overview
| Indicator (UN estimates) | Figure |
|---|---|
| Median age, 1990 | About 17 years |
| Median age, 2025 | 34.0 years |
| Median age, 2026 | 34.5 years |
| Population aged 0 to 14, 2025 | 22.0% |
| Population aged 60 and over, 2025 | 12.6% |
| Males per 100 females | About 103 |
Aging Faster Than Almost Any Country
Iran’s median age has roughly doubled in a generation. In 1990, about half the population was under 17. Today it is about 34, and the cohorts born in the 1980s, which are very large, are now in their late thirties and early forties. Behind them are much smaller cohorts, because fertility has fallen so far and births have dropped by about 40 percent since 2015. In the coming decades, the 1980s cohorts will move into old age, so the share of people over 60 is expected to rise sharply in the coming decades.
The Closing of the Demographic Window
Iranian officials speak of a “demographic window” in which the share of working-age people is unusually high and dependency ratios are low. This window opened as fertility fell in the 1990s and is closing now. The large working-age population is a potential economic boost, but Iran has struggled to turn it into jobs. Unemployment among young people has been high, and labor force participation is very low, especially among women, at about 14 percent according to International Labour Organization estimates.
Iran Population by Sex
| Category | Figure |
|---|---|
| Men (Health Ministry figure, 2026) | 43.66 million |
| Women (Health Ministry figure, 2026) | 42.91 million |
| Males per 100 females (UN, 2025) | About 103 |
| Share male (UN, 2025) | 50.8% |
Iran has slightly more men than women, unlike most countries in the region and the world, which have a female majority at older ages. This may partly reflect the presence of male migrant workers, though the sources reviewed here do not break the figure down.
Iran Population by Ethnicity and Language
Iran does not publish an official ethnic breakdown from its census, and any figures are estimates from surveys and reference works. The most commonly cited approximate pattern is that Persians make up about half the population, Azeris about a quarter, and the rest are Gilaki and Mazandarani peoples, Kurds, Arabs, Lurs, Baluch, Turkmen, and others.
| Group (approximate) | Share of population |
|---|---|
| Persian | About 51% |
| Azeri | About 24% |
| Gilaki and Mazandarani | About 8% |
| Kurd | About 7% |
| Arab | About 3% |
| Lur | About 2% |
| Baluch | About 2% |
| Turkmen | About 2% |
| Other | Remainder |
Ethnic shares are approximate and vary by source because the census does not collect ethnic data. Treat them as indicative only.
Persian is the official language and is spoken by a majority as a first or second language, while Azeri Turkish, Kurdish, Gilaki, Mazandarani, Luri, Arabic, Balochi, and Turkmen are widely spoken in their respective regions. The provinces along the borders, including Sistan and Baluchestan, Kurdistan, West Azerbaijan, and Khuzestan, are home to significant minorities and have often had higher fertility and lower incomes than the Persian-speaking center.
Iran Population by Religion
Iran’s census does ask about religion, and the official count shows more than 99 percent of residents identified as Muslim at the last census to report the figure. Shia Islam is the state religion and is followed by an estimated 90 to 95 percent of the population, while Sunni Muslims, concentrated among Kurds, Baluch, Turkmen, and Arabs, are estimated at 5 to 10 percent. Small recognized minorities include Christians, Zoroastrians, and Jews, and the Baháʼí community, which is not officially recognized, is also present. Survey evidence from outside the country suggests that religious practice and identification are more varied than the census suggests.
| Group (approximate) | Share of population |
|---|---|
| Shia Muslim | About 90% to 95% |
| Sunni Muslim | About 5% to 10% |
| Other recognized religions and others | Under 1% |
Religious shares are approximate and based on commonly cited estimates, not a verified 2016 census table.
Iran Population by Migration and Refugees
The Afghan Population in Iran
| Indicator | Figure |
|---|---|
| Afghans in Iran (UNHCR, late 2025) | About 4.4 million |
| Of whom undocumented | About 1.4 million |
| Registered refugees | About 758,000 |
| Afghans Iran says it hosts | More than 6 million |
| Afghans who returned from Iran in 2025 (UNHCR) | About 1.9 million |
| Of whom deported (2025) | About 1.26 million |
| Returns from Iran in 2026 (to early October) | About 581,600 |
| Total returns since January 2025 | About 2.5 million |
Iran hosts the largest refugee population in the world, and it has done so for four decades, since the first Afghans arrived after the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979. Iran regards many as a burden on its economy, particularly after sanctions and inflation worsened living conditions. In June 2025, after the 12-day war with Israel, Iran announced a deadline for undocumented Afghans to leave, and deportations and departures surged to as many as 30,000 a day at the peak. According to UNHCR, about 1.9 million Afghans returned from Iran in 2025, two thirds of them deported, and around 2.5 million have returned since January 2025.
Why the Afghan Figure Matters for the Total
Afghans are a large and mobile part of the resident population. If Iran’s population estimates include a large share of them, as some sources do, then a fall of more than two million returnees would reduce the real population by a visible margin and widen the gap between modeled and registered counts. This is one reason why different sources are so far apart.
Emigration
The emigration of educated Iranians has been widely reported in recent decades. No reliable official number exists, and the war of 2026 has added another cause. UN agencies reported that about 118,300 Iranian nationals had crossed into neighboring countries, nearly all into Türkiye, by mid-April 2026, though about 95,000 people had also been reported returning from Türkiye over the same period.
The 2026 War and the Population
On 28 February 2026, joint US and Israeli strikes on Iran began a war that lasted into early April, when a temporary ceasefire was announced on 7 April. This followed the 12-day war between Iran and Israel in June 2025. The demographic impact of the 2026 conflict is large, but the figures below come from different sources and should be read as estimates.
| Indicator | Figure | Source |
|---|---|---|
| People internally displaced (as of April 2026) | About 3.2 million | UN agencies and the Iranian government |
| Households relocated | About 800,000 | Iranian government, via UN OCHA |
| Share of displaced who are women and children | About 60% | Iranian government, via UN OCHA |
| Civilians reported killed (as of 7 April) | At least 2,362 | UN OCHA |
| Civilians reported injured (as of 7 April) | More than 32,314 | UN OCHA |
| Civilian units damaged | More than 125,000 | Iranian Red Crescent |
| Iranians who crossed borders (by 16 April) | About 118,300 | UNHCR |
Casualty counts differ across sources. A Norway-based human rights group reported at least 7,650 deaths in the first 40 days, including about 1,030 civilians, while another rights group confirmed 1,701 civilian deaths. Totals for all categories are provisional.
Displacement From Tehran
The largest movement was out of Tehran, where more than 100,000 people fled in the first two days and millions left in the first weeks, moving toward the north and to smaller cities and villages. Many have returned since the ceasefire, but families whose homes were destroyed remain displaced. The temporary relocation of several million people is likely to affect estimates of where people live, and it may also have affected births, marriages, and school enrollment in 2026.
What the War Means for Population Statistics
The direct effect of casualties on a population of about 90 million is small, but the indirect effects can be larger: delayed marriages and births, emigration of skilled workers, damaged housing, and interrupted health services. Iran’s registration data for the year ending March 2027 will be the first to show these effects clearly.
Iran Population by Fertility and Births
| Metric | Figure |
|---|---|
| Total fertility rate, early 1980s | About 6.6 |
| Total fertility rate, year to March 2024 (Health Ministry) | 1.6 |
| Total fertility rate, year to March 2025 (Health Ministry) | 1.35 |
| Total fertility rate, 2025 (UN estimate) | About 1.67 |
| Registered births, 2015 to 2016 | 1.57 million |
| Registered births, 2023 to 2024 | 1.057 million |
| Registered births, 2024 to 2025 | 979,929 |
| Registered births, 2025 to 2026 | 892,268 |
| Decline in births since 2015 to 2016 | About 43% |
| Share of births by cesarean section | About 60% |
| Couples estimated to be infertile | 3 to 5 million |
A 70-Year Low in Births
Births fell below one million in the year to March 2025 and below 900,000 in the year to March 2026, the lowest total in about 70 years, when the population was only about a quarter of today’s. Iran has had below-replacement fertility since about 1999, but the decline since 2015 has been steep, and the numbers of births have dropped even though the number of women of childbearing age was rising until recently.
Conflicting Official Messages
Officials have given different accounts of the trend. In mid-2025, a Civil Registration Organization official said the youth population law had stabilized fertility at around 1.6, while a Health Ministry official later reported 1.35 for the year to March 2025. The UN’s modeled figure of about 1.67 is closer to the earlier claim. The difference may reflect different methods, because registered births and the denominator of women of childbearing age can be calculated in different ways, but the direction is the same: lower.
Marriage and Family Formation
Marriages are falling even faster than births. A total of 470,372 marriages were registered in the year to March 2025, and the number has fallen about 30 percent since 2022 to 2023, according to Iranian media citing official statistics. The mean age at first marriage has risen, and economic pressures, including inflation, housing costs, and unemployment among young people, are widely cited as reasons.
Iran Population by Mortality and Life Expectancy
| Metric | Figure |
|---|---|
| Registered deaths, year to March 2025 | 458,873 |
| Natural increase, year to March 2025 | About 521,000 |
| Life expectancy at birth (UN, 2025) | About 78.1 years |
| Life expectancy at birth (UN, 2026) | About 78.2 years |
| Crude death rate (2025 estimate) | About 5.2 per 1,000 |
Iran has a low death rate for the moment because its population is still relatively young. The Health Ministry official who cited 458,873 deaths also warned that aging would push deaths up in coming decades and that deaths could eventually overtake births if current trends continue. Life expectancy of about 78 years has risen by more than 20 years since the 1970s, though war, sanctions, pollution, and traffic accidents remain notable causes of premature deaths.
Iran Population Growth Drivers
| Component (year to March 2025) | People |
|---|---|
| Registered births | 979,929 |
| Registered deaths | 458,873 |
| Natural increase | About 521,000 |
Natural increase of about half a million is still the main source of growth, which means that Iran’s population is still growing slowly. Net migration is small and now negative, because of Afghan returns and emigration, and the war has complicated the picture. If births continue to fall by around 90,000 a year, and deaths rise as the 1980s cohorts age, natural increase could shrink substantially over the next two decades.
Iran Population Density and Settlement
| Category | Detail |
|---|---|
| Land area | About 1.65 million km2 |
| Approximate density (using about 87 to 93 million people) | About 53 to 56 people per km2 |
| Urban share | About 77% to 78% |
| Largest province | Tehran, 13.27 million (2016 census) |
Iran is a large, mostly arid and mountainous country, and most of the population lives in the northwest, the Caspian coast, the Zagros foothills, and around a few cities on the central plateau. The great salt deserts of the center and east are almost empty. Water scarcity is a growing constraint on urban growth, particularly around Tehran, Mashhad, and Isfahan.
Iran Population Compared With Other Countries
| Country | Approximate population (2026) |
|---|---|
| Pakistan | About 250 million |
| Egypt | About 118 million |
| Iran (range of estimates) | About 87 to 93 million |
| Turkey | About 87 million |
| Germany | About 83.5 million |
Figures for countries other than Iran and Germany are rounded approximations and should be confirmed before publication.
Iran is the ninth most populous country in Asia by UN estimates, with a population close to that of Turkey and Germany, though the range of estimates places it within a few million of both. Compared with neighbors such as Iraq and Pakistan, its fertility is much lower, and compared with Turkey, its age structure is somewhat younger but the gap is narrowing.
Iran Population Projections
| Source | Projection |
|---|---|
| UN medium variant | Peak at roughly 100 to 105 million around 2050, followed by stabilization or slow decline |
| Civil Registration Organization (reported, best case) | About 102.9 million within seven years if fertility rose to 2.5 |
| Health Ministry (stated goal) | Raise fertility from the current level toward 2.5 |
Projection ranges are approximate. The UN range is drawn from published projection tables and aggregator summaries and should be checked against the World Population Prospects 2024 data before publication. The 102.9 million figure was described by an official as a best case requiring a fertility rate of 2.5, which is far above recent levels.
Most projections show Iran’s population continuing to grow for another two or three decades and peaking at 100 to 105 million around 2050, because of population momentum. After that, stabilization or a decline is likely unless fertility recovers sharply. Officials have set a goal of raising the fertility rate to about 2.5, but births have moved in the opposite direction, and international experience suggests that cash incentives rarely achieve such a large reversal.
Major Demographic Trends Shaping Iran
- Births at their lowest level in about 70 years, with fewer than 900,000 registered in the year to March 2026
- A fertility rate somewhere between 1.35 and 1.7, below replacement and still falling
- A population aging rapidly, with the median age doubling since 1990
- Marriages down roughly 30 percent in three years
- A resident Afghan population that has been reduced by about 2.5 million returns since January 2025
- About 3.2 million people displaced inside Iran by the 2026 war, many of whom have since returned
- A wide gap between Iranian, Health Ministry, and UN population estimates, and no recent conventional census
- Continued urbanization, with about 77 percent of Iranians in cities
- A fast-closing demographic window, with limited job creation for the large 1980s cohorts
- A projected peak of roughly 100 to 105 million around 2050
Economic and Social Impact of Iran’s Population Trends
The Labor Market
Iran has a large cohort of young adults and a weak labor market, with low participation, especially among women, and high unemployment among the young. The war, sanctions, and inflation have made it harder to turn the demographic window into growth.
Pensions and Health Care
As the large 1980s cohorts approach retirement from the 2040s, Iran’s pension funds, which already face financial strain, will have fewer contributors per pensioner. Health care demand will shift from maternal and child care toward chronic disease and aging.
Education
Falling births are shrinking the number of children entering school, which could free resources, but many schools and universities have been affected by war damage and displacement in 2026.
Housing and Water
Urban growth, displacement, and war damage put pressure on housing, and water scarcity in the central plateau limits the capacity of cities such as Tehran and Mashhad to absorb more people.
Population Policy
The state’s pronatalist goals contrast with household economics. Surveys and official commentary cite unemployment, inflation, housing costs, and uncertainty as reasons for delaying marriage and children, and cash incentives appear to have had little effect.
Key Challenges Facing the Iran Population
- Birth and marriage numbers that keep falling despite pronatalist policy
- A rapidly aging population and a closing demographic window
- Large gaps between competing population estimates and no recent census
- The effects of war, displacement, and damaged housing on families
- The return of millions of Afghans and the loss of a workforce in construction and agriculture
- Brain drain of skilled workers
- Water scarcity and urban crowding around Tehran and other large cities
- Planning for a population that is expected to peak and then stabilize
Frequently Asked Questions About the Iran Population
What is the population of Iran in 2026?
Estimates range from about 86.6 million (an Iranian Health Ministry figure) to about 93.2 million (the UN projection), because the last census was in 2016 and sources use different methods.
What was Iran’s population at the last census?
79,926,270 at the 2016 census.
What is Iran’s fertility rate?
The Health Ministry reported 1.35 in the year to March 2025, down from 1.6 a year earlier, while the UN estimates about 1.7, and all of these are below the replacement level of 2.1.
How many babies are born in Iran each year?
About 892,000 registered births in the Iranian year ending March 2026, the lowest in about 70 years, down from 979,929 the year before and 1.57 million in 2015 to 2016.
What is the largest city in Iran? Tehran, with about 8.7 million people at the 2016 census and many more in its metropolitan region.
How many Afghans live in Iran?
About 4.4 million, according to UNHCR, though Iran says it hosts more than 6 million. About 2.5 million have returned or been deported since January 2025.
How many people were displaced by the 2026 war?
About 3.2 million people were internally displaced, according to UN agencies and the Iranian government, many of whom later returned.
What is the median age in Iran?
About 34 years in 2025 and 2026, up from about 17 in 1990.
What is life expectancy in Iran?
About 78 years, according to UN estimates.
Will Iran’s population keep growing?
Probably for a few more decades, with a peak of about 100 to 105 million around 2050, after which it may stabilize or decline.
Sources
- Statistical Centre of Iran, 2016 General Census of Population and Housing
- Statistical Centre of Iran and National Organization for Civil Registration, vital registration statistics, as reported by the Tehran Times and Iranian news agencies
- Iranian Ministry of Health, statements on population, fertility, and births, reported by Tasnim and bne IntelliNews (May 2026)
- Tasnim News Agency, Iran records lowest annual birth rate in seven decades (August 2026)
- United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, World Population Prospects 2024
- UNHCR and IOM, Afghan returns and refugee statistics for Iran (2025 and 2026)
- UN OCHA, Islamic Republic of Iran Humanitarian Updates No. 01 and No. 03 (March and April 2026)
- UNHCR, displacement updates for Iran (March 2026)
- Iranian Red Crescent Society, civilian damage figures, as cited by UN OCHA
- International Labour Organization, ILOSTAT labor force estimates