Russia Population 2026 | Live Population Clock By District
Russia Population 2026: Key Facts & Findings
- The latest final Rosstat estimate shows 146,119,928 residents in Russia on 1 January 2025, excluding the four Ukrainian regions Moscow claimed in 2022, down about 31,000 from a year earlier
- The United Nations estimates a lower figure, about 143 million in 2026, because it treats Crimea as part of Ukraine; the two series cover different territory
- Russia recorded about 1.22 million births in 2024 against roughly 1.82 million deaths, a natural decline of 599,454, offset only partly by net migration of 568,593
- The total fertility rate fell to about 1.4 children per woman in 2024, from a post-Soviet peak of 1.76 in 2015, and independent estimates put 2025 lower still
- Rosstat stopped publishing most monthly birth and death data in 2025, so recent figures rest on partial releases and independent estimates
- Moscow is the most populous region at 13.27 million, followed by Moscow Oblast at 8.78 million and Krasnodar Krai at 5.84 million
- About 75 percent of Russians live in cities, and the country has 16 cities with more than one million people
- The 2021 Census counted 147,182,123 people, including 105.6 million ethnic Russians, whose number fell by about 5.4 million between 2010 and 2021
- Life expectancy is about 73 years overall, and men live roughly a decade less than women
- Rosstat’s own projections show the population falling to about 138.8 million by 2046, and the UN medium projection also points to decline
- Russia remains the most populous country in Europe by a wide margin, with nearly twice the population of Germany
Russia Population 2026: Size, Regions, Births, Migration, and Future Projections
Introduction to the Russia Population
What the Russia Population Count Includes
Rosstat, the Federal State Statistics Service, estimates the permanent population of the Russian Federation from census benchmarks and annual registration data. Its headline series includes Crimea and the city of Sevastopol, which Russia annexed in 2014, and which most countries and the United Nations still recognize as part of Ukraine. Rosstat reports the four further regions of Ukraine that Russia claimed in 2022 separately, and the figures in this article follow the standard series that excludes them. Those territories are internationally recognized as Ukrainian, and population counts for them are not independently verifiable.
This territorial difference explains much of the gap between Russian and international estimates. Rosstat’s 146.1 million at the start of 2025 includes roughly 2.4 million people in Crimea and Sevastopol, while the UN’s World Population Prospects, which assigns Crimea to Ukraine, shows about 143 million for Russia in 2026. Neither is wrong on its own terms, but they should not be mixed.
Data Quality and Restricted Statistics
Russian statistics have become harder to use since 2022. In spring 2025, according to independent reporting by Meduza and others, Rosstat stopped publishing monthly data on births and deaths that it had released for decades. The most recent complete, official annual series that this article can verify runs to 1 January 2025. Anything for 2025 and 2026 therefore relies on leaked or partial Rosstat figures, official statements, and demographers’ independent calculations, and is labeled as such.
Current Russia Population
On 1 January 2025, Rosstat’s final estimate was 146,119,928 residents, slightly higher than the preliminary figure of 146,028,325 published earlier. The population fell by about 31,000 in 2024, the net result of a natural decline of 599,454 and net migration of 568,593. That is far smaller than the declines of the early 2000s, but it depends entirely on migration, and the natural decline is widening.
Why Russia Population Data Matters
Population estimates shape pension and health budgets, military and labor-force planning, and the distribution of federal funds across the 85 regions of the standard Rosstat series. In Russia, demography is also a political topic. President Putin has called the falling birth rate a threat to national survival, and the state has launched a series of pronatalist measures, which makes the reliability and availability of the data a matter of public debate.
Russia Population at a Glance
| Metric | Figure |
|---|---|
| Population, 1 January 2025 (Rosstat, final, excluding four annexed regions) | 146,119,928 |
| Population, 2026 (UN estimate, different territory) | About 143 million |
| Change in 2024 | About -31,000 |
| Births (2024) | About 1.22 million |
| Deaths (2024, derived) | About 1.82 million |
| Natural decline (2024) | -599,454 |
| Net migration (2024) | +568,593 |
| Total fertility rate (2024) | About 1.4 |
| Total fertility rate peak (2015) | 1.76 |
| Life expectancy (about 2023 to 2024) | About 73 years |
| Urban share (2021 Census) | 74.8% |
| Rural population (2024) | About 36.6 million |
| Cities with more than 1 million people | 16 |
| Ethnic Russians (2021 Census) | 105,579,179 |
| Peoples counted in the 2021 Census | 195 |
| Population density | About 8.5 people per km2 |
| Largest region | Moscow (13,274,285) |
Why Russian Population Figures Differ
Few countries have as many competing headline numbers as Russia, and the differences come from three separate issues: territory, timing, and data access. A publisher who mixes figures from different series can overstate or understate the country by several million people.
| Series | Approximate total | What it includes |
|---|---|---|
| Rosstat standard series, 1 January 2025 | 146.1 million | Crimea and Sevastopol, excludes the four regions claimed in 2022 |
| Russian press totals “with new regions” | About 150 million | Adds the four claimed regions, whose population cannot be independently verified |
| United Nations estimate for 2026 | About 143 million | Treats Crimea as part of Ukraine and uses its own demographic model |
| 2021 Census | 147.2 million | Counted Crimea, enumerated in October 2021 |
| 2010 Census | 142.9 million | Before the annexation of Crimea |
Totals are rounded. The press total with new regions is reported in Russian media and is not an independently verified count.
The Territorial Question
Rosstat’s standard series has included Crimea and Sevastopol since 2014. This is why the 2021 Census total of 147.2 million is higher than the 2010 total of 142.9 million, even though the population of the rest of Russia fell over that period. Comparing the two censuses without adjusting for the roughly 2.4 million people in Crimea gives a false impression of growth. Most international organizations, including the United Nations, do not include Crimea in Russia’s population, which is the main reason why their figures are lower.
The Timing Problem
The final Rosstat estimate for 1 January 2025 was 146,119,928, higher than the preliminary figure of 146,028,325 published a few months earlier. Revisions of this kind, here of about 90,000 people, are normal, but they show that early estimates can move, and that readers should not treat preliminary numbers as final.
The Access Problem
The third issue is access. Since spring 2025, according to independent reporting, Rosstat has stopped publishing the monthly series of births and deaths that demographers used to track the population in near real time. Some figures have appeared through leaks and official statements, and independent analysts have rebuilt estimates from regional registry data, but these cannot be checked against a full official release. For this reason, this article treats 2024 as the last year with complete official data and presents later numbers as estimates.
Russia Population by Historical Period
The Soviet Decades
Within today’s borders, the Russian Federation had about 117.5 million people at the 1959 Census and about 130.1 million in 1970, as the postwar recovery rebuilt a population devastated by the Second World War. It reached about 147.0 million in 1989, the last Soviet census, helped by high birth rates and by in-migration from other Soviet republics.
The Population Crisis of the 1990s
After the Soviet Union dissolved in 1991, Russia entered an unprecedented peacetime demographic decline. Deaths began to exceed births in 1992, a “Russian cross” of falling births and rising mortality driven by economic collapse, alcohol-related deaths, and cardiovascular disease, particularly among working-age men. Immigration from the former Soviet republics offset part of the loss, but the population still fell from about 148 million in the early 1990s to about 142.9 million by the 2010 census.
Recovery, Crimea, and the Maternity Capital Era
A partial recovery followed from the late 2000s. A maternity capital program introduced in 2007 offered cash for second and later children, mortality fell, and for a few years in the early 2010s births slightly exceeded deaths. The annexation of Crimea in 2014 added about 2.3 million people to Rosstat’s series. The 2021 Census, which counted Crimea, recorded 147,182,123 people.
The Renewed Decline of the 2020s
Natural decline resumed in 2016 to 2017 as the large cohorts born in the 1980s aged out of their peak childbearing years and the much smaller cohorts of the 1990s replaced them. COVID-19 then caused a spike in deaths in 2020 and 2021, producing the largest natural decline of the postwar period, of more than one million in 2021. Since 2018, Russia has recorded a cumulative natural decline of more than three million people.
Russia Population Growth Over Time
| Year | Population (approximate) | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| 1959 | 117.5 million | Census, within Russia’s current Soviet-era borders |
| 1970 | 130.1 million | Census |
| 1989 | 147.0 million | Last Soviet census |
| 2002 | 145.2 million | After the 1990s decline |
| 2010 | 142.9 million | Census, excluding Crimea |
| 2021 | 147.2 million | Census, including Crimea |
| 2025 (1 January) | 146.1 million | Rosstat final estimate |
Historical figures are rounded. The 2021 and 2025 figures include Crimea and Sevastopol, so they are not strictly comparable with earlier years.
Russia Population by Region
The Largest Regions
| Region | Population, 1 January 2025 | Change since the October 2021 Census |
|---|---|---|
| Moscow (city) | 13,274,285 | +264,000 |
| Moscow Oblast | 8,775,735 | +251,000 |
| Krasnodar Krai | 5,842,238 | +4,000 |
| Saint Petersburg | 5,652,922 | +51,000 |
| Sverdlovsk Oblast | 4,221,452 | -47,500 |
| Rostov Oblast | About 4,137,000 | Not stated |
| Bashkortostan | 4,042,377 | -49,000 |
| Tatarstan | 4,019,606 | +15,000 |
| Tyumen Oblast (with its autonomous okrugs) | About 3,932,000 | Not stated |
| Chelyabinsk Oblast | About 3,385,000 | Not stated |
Figures are Rosstat estimates. Moscow’s lead is large: its population rose about 48 percent between 1990 and 2024.
A Country Concentrating Around Moscow
The two Moscow regions together hold about 22 million people, or roughly 15 percent of the country, and they are growing while much of the rest of Russia shrinks. Between the 2021 Census and the start of 2025, Moscow gained about 264,000 residents and Moscow Oblast about 251,000, while industrial regions of the Urals and Volga, including Sverdlovsk Oblast and Bashkortostan, lost population. Saint Petersburg grew modestly.
East and West
The census and regional estimates show that population has fallen in many regions of the Far East, the Center, the Northwest, and the Volga federal district, while growth has concentrated in the capital region, the south, and parts of the North Caucasus and Siberia. Birth rates are above the national average mostly in the Caucasus republics and in southern Siberia, such as Tuva and Altai, while fertility is lowest in the central regions and in large cities. The Far East, a priority of Russian regional policy, continues to struggle with out-migration despite a series of incentive programs.
Regional Growth Since the 2021 Census
| Region | Direction since 2021 |
|---|---|
| Moscow | Growing |
| Moscow Oblast | Growing |
| Saint Petersburg | Growing slightly |
| Krasnodar Krai | Roughly flat |
| Tatarstan | Growing slightly |
| Sverdlovsk Oblast | Shrinking |
| Bashkortostan | Shrinking |
Russia Population by City
| City | Population (approximate) | Note |
|---|---|---|
| Moscow | About 13.3 million | Largest city in Europe |
| Saint Petersburg | About 5.7 million | Second city |
| Novosibirsk | About 1.6 million | Largest city in Siberia |
| Yekaterinburg | About 1.5 million | Urals hub |
| Kazan | About 1.3 million | Capital of Tatarstan |
| Nizhny Novgorod | About 1.2 million | Volga region |
| Chelyabinsk | About 1.2 million | Urals |
| Krasnoyarsk | About 1.2 million | Central Siberia |
Moscow and Saint Petersburg figures are Rosstat regional estimates for 1 January 2025, since both are federal cities. Other city figures are rounded approximations and should be confirmed against Rosstat before publication.
The 2021 Census found that 74.8 percent of Russians lived in cities, up from 73.5 percent in 2010, and that the number of cities with more than one million people had risen to 16. The rural population has been shrinking steadily and stood at about 36.6 million in 2024, as villagers move to regional centers and to Moscow.
Russia Population by Age
The Cohort Echo
Russia’s age pyramid is unusually uneven because of the demographic shocks of the 20th century. The generations born in the 1940s are small because of the war. The generation born in the 1980s is large, a late echo of the postwar baby boom. The cohorts born in the 1990s, when fertility collapsed, are very small. As the large 1980s generation passes its peak childbearing years, the number of women of reproductive age is falling sharply, which means births will keep declining even if fertility per woman holds steady.
Median Age and Aging
| Indicator | Figure |
|---|---|
| Median age | About 40 to 41 years (approximate) |
| Share aged 65 and over | About one in six (approximate) |
| Share of women among the population | About 54% (approximate) |
Age and sex shares are rounded approximations and should be checked against the latest Rosstat table before publication.
Russia is aging, though less fast than Germany or Japan, because it has a high mortality among working-age men that lowers the number of elderly men. The working-age population is shrinking, a trend that Russian officials now cite as a limit on the country’s economic growth and its capacity to staff both factories and the armed forces.
Russia Population by Sex
| Category | Figure |
|---|---|
| Women, share of population | About 54% |
| Men per 100 women | About 86 (approximate) |
| Life expectancy gap between women and men | About 10 years |
The sex ratio is one of the most distinctive features of Russian demography. Men die much younger than women, mostly from cardiovascular disease, accidents, injuries, and alcohol-related causes, and the gap in life expectancy of about a decade is one of the largest of any large country. The imbalance leaves many older women living alone.
Russia Population by Ethnicity and Language
Ethnic Groups at the 2021 Census
| Group | Number of people | Share of those stating an ethnicity | Change since 2010 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Russians | 105,579,179 | 80.9% | About -5.44 million (-4.9%) |
| Tatars | 4,713,669 | 3.6% | About -0.6 to -0.7 million |
| Chechens | 1,674,854 | 1.3% | About +243,000 (+17%) |
| Bashkirs | 1,571,879 | About 1.2% | About -13,000 |
Only 130,587,364 of the 147,182,123 residents, or 88.7 percent, stated an ethnicity. Shares of the total population are lower, for example about 71.7 percent for Russians. The census recorded 195 peoples.
Diversity Beyond the Russians
Russia is a multi-ethnic state with 195 recorded peoples. After Russians, the largest groups are Tatars, Chechens, Bashkirs, and a series of groups that include Tajiks, Maris, Ukrainians, Kyrgyz, Azerbaijanis, Uzbeks, and Armenians, according to the census list. The Chechen population grew by about 17 percent between 2010 and 2021, while the Russian and Tatar populations shrank, a pattern that reflects higher fertility in the North Caucasus and the decline in the number of people reporting an ethnicity.
Russian is the sole state language across the federation, while many republics, including Tatarstan, Bashkortostan, and Chechnya, give official status to a second language. The census also asks about native language and language proficiency.
Russia Population by Religion
Russia’s census does not ask about religion, so all figures come from surveys, and numbers vary by methodology. The most commonly cited broad pattern, from the Pew Research Center’s 2015 survey, is that about 71 percent of adults identified as Orthodox Christian, about 10 percent as Muslim, and about 15 percent as unaffiliated, though Levada Center and other pollsters find different levels. Many people who describe themselves as Orthodox rarely attend services, and religious identity is closely tied to ethnic identity, with Muslims concentrated among the Tatars, Bashkirs, and North Caucasus peoples.
| Affiliation (Pew survey, 2015, approximate) | Share of adults |
|---|---|
| Orthodox Christian | About 71% |
| Unaffiliated | About 15% |
| Muslim | About 10% |
| Other | Remainder |
Russia Population by Migration
Immigration
| Indicator | Figure |
|---|---|
| Net migration, 2024 (Rosstat) | +568,593 |
| Natural decline, 2024 | -599,454 |
| Population change, 2024 | -30,861 |
Migration is the only reason Russia’s population is not falling much faster. Most immigrants come from Central Asia, notably Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, and Kyrgyzstan, as well as from other former Soviet republics, and many work in construction, trade, transport, and services. Many gain Russian citizenship through simplified procedures for citizens of former Soviet states. Authorities have in recent years tightened rules for migrant workers, which has made immigration a politically sensitive topic.
Emigration and Wartime Outflows
After February 2022, a significant number of Russians left the country, including many young, skilled professionals who moved to Georgia, Armenia, Kazakhstan, Turkey, Serbia, and other destinations, and the mobilization of September 2022 prompted a second wave. Estimates of the scale vary widely, from several hundred thousand to over a million, and official data do not allow independent verification. Some emigrants have returned, so net effects are uncertain. Military deaths and injuries from the war in Ukraine also affect the population, but no reliable open data exists to quantify them.
Migration Within Russia
Internal migration moves people toward Moscow, Saint Petersburg, and the south, and away from the Far East, the North, and small industrial towns. The rural population fell to about 36.6 million in 2024 as people moved to regional centers.
Russia Population by Fertility and Births
| Metric | Figure |
|---|---|
| Total fertility rate, 2015 (post-Soviet peak) | 1.76 |
| Total fertility rate, 2024 | About 1.4 |
| Total fertility rate, 2025 (reported estimate) | About 1.37 to 1.42 |
| Births, 2024 | About 1.22 million (lowest since 1999) |
| Crude birth rate, 2024 | About 8.4 per 1,000 |
| Crude death rate, 2024 | About 12.5 per 1,000 |
| Years of consecutive fertility decline since 2015 | 10 |
After rising to 1.76 children per woman in 2015, thanks to maternity capital and a cohort effect, Russia’s fertility rate has fallen every year for a decade, to about 1.4 in 2024. President Putin has publicly acknowledged the 1.4 figure. Independent estimates for 2025 put the rate between about 1.37 and 1.42, and births at roughly 1.18 million, but those figures are not official.
Pronatalist Policy
The state has responded with cash payments for second and later children, expanded maternity capital, a declared “Year of the Family” in 2024, regional incentives for pregnant students, and a 2024 law banning promotion of a childfree lifestyle. Demographers generally find that such measures can bring forward births but have limited effect on completed fertility, and the shrinking cohort of women aged 20 to 35 works against any recovery in absolute births.
Russia Population by Mortality and Life Expectancy
| Metric | Figure |
|---|---|
| Deaths, 2024 (derived from births and natural decline) | About 1.82 million |
| Life expectancy at birth (about 2023 to 2024) | About 73 years |
| Gap between women and men | About 10 years |
| Peak natural decline, 2021 | More than 1 million |
Life expectancy has recovered from the COVID-19 dip of 2020 and 2021 to roughly 73 years, a level reached just before the pandemic, though it remains well below Western Europe, where life expectancy exceeds 80 years. Male mortality in working ages is the key gap. Russian officials have set targets to raise life expectancy to 78 years by 2030, but progress is slow, and the war and recruitment of men of working age add further uncertainty.
Russia Population Growth Drivers
| Component (2024) | People |
|---|---|
| Natural decline | -599,454 |
| Net migration | +568,593 |
| Population change | -30,861 |
In 2024, immigration offset about 95 percent of the natural decline. That balance is delicate. If net migration falls below roughly 600,000 a year, as tighter policy or labor-market conditions might cause, the population would fall faster, and if natural decline widens further with falling births and rising deaths, migration would have to rise just to hold the line.
Russia Population Density and Settlement
| Category | Detail |
|---|---|
| National average density | About 8.5 people per km2 |
| Land area | About 17.1 million km2 |
| Urban share (2021 Census) | 74.8% |
| Share living in Moscow and Moscow Oblast | About 15% |
| Largest city | Moscow, about 13.3 million |
Russia is the largest country on Earth by area, but its population density is low and very uneven. About three quarters of Russians live in the European part of the country, west of the Urals, even though that part makes up only about a quarter of the land. Siberia and the Far East, which cover most of the territory, have low densities and have been losing population for decades.
Russia Population Compared With Other Countries
| Country | Approximate population (2026) |
|---|---|
| Russia (Rosstat, 2025) | About 146 million |
| Russia (UN, 2026) | About 143 million |
| Germany | About 83.5 million |
| United Kingdom | About 70 million |
| France | About 69.1 million |
| Italy | About 59 million |
Figures other than Russia’s and Germany’s are rounded approximations.
Russia has nearly twice the population of Germany, Europe’s next-largest country, and it is among the ten most populous countries in the world, though its rank has slipped as South and Southeast Asian and African countries have grown. Unlike Germany, France, or Canada, it has little recent history of attracting large-scale international migration beyond former Soviet states.
Russia Population Projections
| Source | Projection |
|---|---|
| Rosstat baseline (reported) | About 138.8 million by 2046 |
| UN World Population Prospects, medium variant | Continued decline toward the mid-130 millions by 2050 (approximate) |
| 2025 Rosstat final estimate | 146.1 million |
The Rosstat projection is reported in press coverage of the agency’s baseline scenario. The UN figure is an approximation from the medium variant and should be checked against the 2024 revision tables before publication.
All major projections point downward. Rosstat’s own baseline scenario shows the population falling to about 138.8 million by 2046, roughly seven million below today, and independent analysts argue that this is optimistic given the recent fertility trend. The UN’s medium variant has a similar direction, though its starting point is lower because of the territorial difference. The key uncertainties are net migration, which can mask much of the natural decline, and the unknown wartime losses and emigration.
Major Demographic Trends Shaping Russia
- A natural decline of nearly 600,000 a year, covered almost entirely by migration
- Fertility at about 1.4, after ten consecutive annual declines from the 2015 peak
- Births at about 1.22 million, the fewest since 1999, with fewer women entering the main childbearing ages
- A shrinking working-age population, and a labor shortage that officials openly discuss
- A population that keeps concentrating around Moscow, Saint Petersburg, and the south
- A 10-year gap between male and female life expectancy
- Restricted demographic statistics, with monthly birth and death data withdrawn in 2025
- A gradual decline of the ethnic Russian count in the census, and faster growth in the North Caucasus
- Rural depopulation, with the rural population down to about 36.6 million
- Persistent uncertainty about emigration and wartime losses that official data do not reveal
Economic and Social Impact of Russia’s Population Trends
Labor Shortages
The contraction of the working-age population has contributed to some of the lowest unemployment rates in Russian history, with employers in industry, construction, and services reporting acute shortages. Recruitment into the armed forces and the outflow of skilled workers add to the squeeze.
Pensions and the Care Burden
A growing share of older residents, especially women living alone, raises pension and care costs, while the shrinking number of contributors limits the system’s capacity. The government raised the retirement age in 2018 to partly address this.
Regional Imbalances
Moscow and a few other regions draw people and investment, while much of the Far East, the North, and the rural center empties. Many small towns have shrinking populations, closing schools, and weak services.
Migration Policy
Because migration holds the population steady, tightening rules on migrant workers has direct demographic and economic consequences, and it remains a politically charged topic.
Information and Trust
The withdrawal of regular birth and death data limits independent analysis, complicates planning in the regions, and makes the true demographic situation harder for researchers and the public to assess.
Key Challenges Facing the Russia Population
- Fertility far below replacement, with a shrinking cohort of potential mothers
- Dependence on migration to prevent faster population decline
- High mortality among working-age men and a 10-year gap in life expectancy
- A shrinking labor force and recruitment pressures
- Depopulation of rural areas and the Far East
- Limited, restricted, and delayed official demographic data
- Uncertainty about emigration and wartime losses
- Projections that point to roughly seven million fewer residents by the mid-2040s
Frequently Asked Questions About the Russia Population
What is the population of Russia in 2026?
The latest final Rosstat estimate is 146,119,928 on 1 January 2025 for the standard series. The UN estimates about 143 million in 2026 because it treats Crimea as Ukrainian territory.
Is Russia’s population shrinking?
Slowly. It fell by about 31,000 in 2024, as a natural decline of 599,454 was almost fully offset by net migration of 568,593.
What is Russia’s fertility rate?
About 1.4 children per woman in 2024, down from 1.76 in 2015, with independent estimates for 2025 between about 1.37 and 1.42.
How many babies were born in Russia in 2024?
About 1.22 million, the fewest since 1999.
Why does Russia’s population estimate differ between sources?
Rosstat includes Crimea and Sevastopol, while the UN does not. The four other regions that Russia claimed in 2022 are excluded from the standard series used here.
What is the largest city in Russia?
Moscow, with about 13.3 million residents, followed by Saint Petersburg with about 5.7 million.
What share of Russians are ethnic Russians?
At the 2021 Census, 105.6 million people identified as Russian, about 80.9 percent of those who stated an ethnicity and about 72 percent of the total population.
What is life expectancy in Russia?
About 73 years overall, with women living about a decade longer than men.
Why did Russia stop publishing demographic data?
Rosstat stopped releasing most monthly birth and death statistics in 2025. The government has not given a full public explanation, and independent analysts have linked the move to record-low births.
What will Russia’s population be in 2046?
Rosstat’s baseline scenario is about 138.8 million, with the UN medium variant pointing to a similar decline.
Sources
- Rosstat, estimates of the permanent population of the Russian Federation as of 1 January 2025 (final) and preliminary estimate of 1 January 2025
- Rosstat, Results of the 2020 to 2021 All-Russian Population Census, including national composition and urban and rural population
- Rosstat, regional population estimates as of 1 January 2025
- United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, World Population Prospects 2024
- Meduza, reporting on the suspension of Rosstat demographic publications (July 2025)
- The Moscow Times and bne IntelliNews, reporting on Russia’s fertility rate and statements by President Putin (2025 and 2026)
- Helsinki Times, UNITED24 Media, and other press coverage of Rosstat birth data and baseline projections
- Pew Research Center, Religious Belief and National Belonging in Central and Eastern Europe (2017)