Portugal Population 2026 | Live Clock By Region
Portugal Population 2026: Key Facts & Findings
- Portugal’s resident population was 11,424,031 on 31 December 2025, the highest ever recorded, according to the National Statistics Institute (INE) estimates published on 22 June 2026
- The new estimates are the first based entirely on administrative data, and they revised the 2024 population up from 10,749,635 to 11,387,222, adding about 637,000 people, mainly foreign residents who had been undercounted
- The population grew by 36,809 people (0.32 percent) in 2025, far less than the 330,587 added in 2022, the 274,643 in 2023, and the 182,875 in 2024
- Net migration of 70,862 more than offset a natural decline of 34,053 in 2025, and the migratory growth rate was 0.62 percent
- Foreign nationals numbered 1,597,539, or 14.0 percent of residents, more than double the 748,155 counted in 2021, and Brazilians are the largest group at 574,195 (35.9 percent of foreigners)
- Births rose 3.3 percent to 87,732 in 2025, but 122,332 deaths meant the natural balance stayed negative, at about minus 34,000
- The median age is 45.8 years and there are 188.8 people aged 65 and over for every 100 young people, but the median age has edged down from 46.1 in 2021 because immigrants are concentrated in working ages
- Life expectancy at birth was 81.49 years in 2022 to 2024 (78.73 for men and 83.96 for women), and about 81.75 in 2023 to 2025 according to a secondary report
- The Norte region is the most populous, with 3,790,554 residents (33.2 percent), followed by Grande Lisboa (2,415,261) and Centro (1,771,259)
- The Algarve has the highest share of foreign residents in its population, at 27.9 percent
- INE’s central projection, built on the earlier population base, has Portugal falling from 10.7 million in 2024 to 8.3 million in 2100, a path that now looks too low
Portugal Population 2026: Size, Regions, Births, Migration, and Future Projections
Introduction to the Portugal Population
What the Portugal Population Count Includes
INE estimates the resident population using the cohort-component method, starting from the 2021 Census and adding births, subtracting deaths, and applying estimates of immigration and emigration. The estimate counts people who have lived, or intend to live, in Portugal for at least a year, including the autonomous regions of the Azores and Madeira. It does not count Portuguese citizens living abroad.
The 2025 edition changed the method. For the first time, INE built the estimates entirely from administrative records, combining data from the Agency for Integration, Migration and Asylum (AIMA) with records from Social Security, the tax authority, and the Ministry of Education. The new approach found many more foreign residents than the old, survey-based approach, and INE revised its series back to 2021.
Current Portugal Population
On 31 December 2025, INE estimated 11,424,031 residents, of whom 5,587,729 were men and 5,836,302 were women. Under the revised series, Portugal passed 11 million in 2023, years earlier than the earlier estimates implied. The increase between 2021 and 2025 was 824,914 people, the fastest four-year gain in the modern record.
This is a very different picture from the one INE published a year earlier. In June 2025 the official estimate for 2024 was 10,749,635 residents. The June 2026 revision lifted that figure to 11,387,222, a difference of about 637,000 people, almost all of them foreign nationals who had been undercounted.
Why Portugal Population Data Matters
Portugal is one of the oldest societies in Europe and one of its main emigration countries, and in the past decade it has become a major immigration destination. The numbers matter for housing, where prices have risen sharply in Lisbon, Porto, and the Algarve, for the pension system, and for the labor force in tourism, agriculture, construction, and care. They also shape a political debate about immigration, citizenship, and integration.
Portugal Population at a Glance
| Metric | Figure |
|---|---|
| Resident population (31 December 2025) | 11,424,031 |
| Men | 5,587,729 |
| Women | 5,836,302 |
| Growth in 2025 | +36,809 (0.32%) |
| Growth, 2021 to 2025 | +824,914 |
| Natural balance (2025, population estimates) | -34,053 |
| Net migration (2025) | +70,862 |
| Live births (2025) | 87,732 (up 3.3%) |
| Deaths (2025) | 122,332 |
| Total fertility rate (INE earlier series, 2024) | 1.40 |
| Median age (2025) | 45.8 years |
| Aging index (2025) | 188.8 older people per 100 young |
| Life expectancy at birth (2022 to 2024) | 81.49 years |
| Foreign nationals (31 December 2025) | 1,597,539 (14.0%) |
| Largest foreign community | Brazil, 574,195 |
| Most populous region | Norte, 3,790,554 |
| Population density | About 124 people per km2 |
| Largest city | Lisbon (about 0.55 million) |
Portugal Population by Historical Period
A Small Country of Emigrants
Portugal had about 5.4 million people in 1900 and about 8.4 million in 1950. For most of the 20th century it was a country of emigration, as hundreds of thousands left for France, Germany, Brazil, and Venezuela, particularly in the 1960s, to escape poverty and the colonial wars. Population growth was therefore slow.
The Return From the Colonies
In 1974 and 1975, after the Carnation Revolution and the end of the empire, more than half a million Portuguese returned from Angola and Mozambique. The population rose to about 9.8 million by 1981, and it reached about 10.4 million at the 2001 Census.
Stagnation and the Crisis Decline
After 2001, growth stalled. Fertility had already fallen below replacement, and the 2008 financial crisis and the austerity years pushed emigration up again. The population fell from about 10.56 million at the 2011 Census to about 10.34 million at the 2021 Census.
The Immigration Surge
From the mid-2010s, tourism growth, golden visas, the digital-nomad boom, and labor shortages drew a rapidly rising number of immigrants. The revised estimates show gains of 330,587 in 2022, 274,643 in 2023, and 182,875 in 2024, among the fastest rates in Europe.
Portugal Population Growth Over Time
| Year | Population (approximate) | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| 1900 | 5.4 million | |
| 1950 | 8.4 million | |
| 1981 | 9.8 million | After the return from the colonies |
| 2001 | 10.4 million | Census |
| 2011 | 10.56 million | Census, peak of the pre-surge era |
| 2021 | 10.34 million | Census count; revised estimate about 10.60 million |
| 2022 | About 10.93 million | Derived from the revised series |
| 2023 | About 11.20 million | Derived from the revised series |
| 2024 | 11.39 million | Revised, was 10.75 million |
| 2025 | 11.42 million | INE estimate |
Historical figures are rounded approximations. The 2021 census count is lower than the revised estimate because census data have been adjusted for undercount and foreign residents. The 2022 and 2023 values are derived by adding INE’s reported annual gains to the revised 2021 and 2024 figures.
Portugal Population Dynamics, 2021 to 2025
| Year | Population gain |
|---|---|
| 2022 | +330,587 |
| 2023 | +274,643 |
| 2024 | +182,875 |
| 2025 | +36,809 |
Figures are INE revised estimates, published 22 June 2026.
A Sharp Slowdown
The gain of 36,809 in 2025 is less than one fifth of the 2024 gain and about one tenth of the 2022 gain. Net migration fell to 70,862, and the natural decline was about 34,000. INE describes the exceptionally high migration flows of 2022, 2023, and 2024 as the driver of the surge, and 2025 marks a return to a more moderate pace.
The Revision and Why It Matters
INE’s new method incorporated records from AIMA and other agencies, and it showed that earlier estimates had missed a large part of the foreign-resident population. Analysts note that the revised series makes all earlier rates of population growth and fertility look different. Because the number of women of childbearing age is higher than previously estimated, the fertility rate calculated on the revised base is lower than INE’s earlier published rate of 1.40 in 2024.
Portugal Population by Region
Populations of the Regions
| Region (NUTS II) | Population, 31 December 2025 | Share of total |
|---|---|---|
| Norte | 3,790,554 | 33.2% |
| Grande Lisboa | 2,415,261 | 21.1% |
| Centro | 1,771,259 | 15.5% |
| Oeste e Vale do Tejo | About 0.93 million | About 8% |
| Península de Setúbal | About 0.93 million | About 8% |
| Algarve | About 0.58 million | About 5% |
| Alentejo | About 0.49 million | About 4% |
| Madeira | About 0.26 million | About 2% |
| Azores | About 0.25 million | About 2% |
| Portugal | 11,424,031 | 100% |
Figures for Norte, Grande Lisboa, and Centro are INE data. The remaining regions are rounded approximations that together account for the difference from the national total, and should be confirmed against INE regional tables before publication.
Where Growth Is Fastest
Between 2021 and 2025, all regions grew, and the fastest in relative terms were the Algarve (13.8 percent), the Setúbal Peninsula (12.8 percent), Grande Lisboa (10.6 percent), and Oeste e Vale do Tejo. The Algarve is the region with the greatest dependence on foreign residents: 161,556 foreign nationals made up 27.9 percent of its population in 2025.
Aging by Region
The Centro region has the oldest population, with 232.9 older people for every 100 young people in 2025, compared with 188.8 nationally. INE’s earlier projections suggest that by 2100 the oldest region will be Norte, the youngest the Algarve, and that Grande Lisboa will replace Norte as the most populous region in the early 2080s.
Foreign Residents by Region
| Region | Foreign residents, 2021 | Foreign residents, 2025 |
|---|---|---|
| Grande Lisboa | About 287,000 | 546,419 |
| Norte | About 120,000 | 311,095 |
| Centro | 72,539 | 185,847 |
| Algarve | 97,580 | 161,556 |
| Alentejo | 35,035 | 71,309 |
| Madeira | 7,423 | 19,371 |
| Azores | 3,772 | 9,333 |
| Oeste e Vale do Tejo and Setúbal Peninsula (derived remainder) | About 125,000 | About 293,000 |
| Portugal | 748,155 | 1,597,539 |
The 2021 values for Grande Lisboa and Norte are derived by subtracting INE’s reported increases of 259,544 and 191,523 from the 2025 figures. The remainder row is the difference between the national total and the regions listed.
Grande Lisboa holds 34.2 percent of all foreign residents and the Norte region 19.5 percent. Together with the Algarve and Centro, these regions account for the large majority.
Portugal Population by City
| Municipality | Population, 2021 Census (approximate) | Note |
|---|---|---|
| Lisbon | About 546,000 | Capital |
| Sintra | About 386,000 | Lisbon suburb, fastest-growing large municipality |
| Vila Nova de Gaia | About 302,000 | Across the river from Porto |
| Porto | About 232,000 | Second city, metropolitan area much larger |
| Cascais | About 214,000 | Lisbon coast |
| Loures | About 202,000 | Lisbon area |
| Braga | About 193,000 | Northern city |
| Amadora | About 172,000 | Most densely populated municipality |
Municipal figures are rounded 2021 Census counts and are lower than current estimates, which include the revised foreign population. They should be refreshed with INE 2025 municipal estimates before publication.
Portugal’s city populations are small by European standards, and the metropolitan areas of Lisbon and Porto are far larger than the municipalities themselves. The Lisbon metropolitan area, which spans Grande Lisboa and the Setúbal Peninsula, has about 3.3 million people, or about 29 percent of the country.
Portugal Population by Age
Age Structure Overview
| Indicator | 2021 | 2025 |
|---|---|---|
| Median age | 46.1 years | 45.8 years |
| Aging index (older people per 100 young) | 178.3 | 188.8 |
| Highest regional aging index | Centro | Centro, 232.9 |
The median age under INE’s earlier, unrevised series was 47.3 years in 2024. The revision lowers the median because newly counted immigrants are concentrated in working ages.
Aging Continues, but Immigration Cushions It
INE’s analysis says demographic aging has continued to intensify, though it has been softened by growth in the working-age population. Immigrants are young relative to the resident population: foreign residents are 57 percent men, with 913,249 men and 684,290 women, and they are mostly of working age. Without immigration, the median age would be rising faster.
The Long-Term Squeeze
INE’s earlier projection, which predates the revision, warned that the working-age population (15 to 64) would shrink from 6.8 million in 2024 to 4.2 million in 2100 in its central scenario, and that the number of young people under 15 would fall from 1.4 million to under 1 million. Aging would stabilize only after 2060.
Portugal Population by Sex
| Category | Figure |
|---|---|
| Women (2025) | 5,836,302 (51.1%) |
| Men (2025) | 5,587,729 (48.9%) |
| Men among foreign residents | 913,249 (57%) |
| Women among foreign residents | 684,290 (42.8%) |
| Life expectancy, men (2022 to 2024) | 78.73 years |
| Life expectancy, women (2022 to 2024) | 83.96 years |
| Gap | 5.2 years |
Women outnumber men in the overall population, because they live five years longer, while men outnumber women among foreign residents, reflecting labor migration into construction, agriculture, and logistics.
Portugal Population by Nationality and Immigration
Foreign Residents
| Indicator | Figure |
|---|---|
| Foreign nationals, 2021 | 748,155 |
| Foreign nationals, 2025 | 1,597,539 |
| Increase since 2021 | +849,384 (more than doubled) |
| Share of the resident population, 2025 | 14.0% |
| Increase in 2025 | +59,113 |
| Brazilian residents, 2025 | 574,195 |
| Brazil’s share of foreign residents | 35.9% |
| Increase in Brazilian residents since 2021 | +296,086 (+106.5%) |
Portugal now has one of the highest shares of foreign residents in Europe, and the pace of growth since 2021 has been dramatic. The number of foreign nationals more than doubled in four years, from 748,155 to 1,597,539, though the increase in 2025, 59,113, was much smaller than in the previous three years.
Who Comes
Brazilians are by far the largest community, followed by Angolans, and other large groups include people from the United Kingdom, Cape Verde, India, Nepal, Italy, France, and Ukraine. The Portuguese language and historic links make Brazil, Angola, and Cape Verde natural sources, while the golden visa program and remote-work visas attracted northern Europeans and North Americans to Lisbon and the Algarve. Labor migrants from South Asia fill many jobs in agriculture in the Alentejo and the Algarve.
Methodology and Sources
INE built the foreign-resident count from AIMA data cross-checked against Social Security, tax, and education records. The article treats these as the authoritative current figures, but readers should note that an administrative count includes people with residence permits and those with pending applications, and that earlier years are not directly comparable.
Emigration and the Portuguese Abroad
Emigration remains a defining feature of the country. UN estimates and Portuguese government figures put the number of people born in Portugal who live abroad at roughly two million, one of the largest diasporas in Europe relative to population, though this figure is approximate. Many young, educated Portuguese left after the 2008 crisis, mainly for the United Kingdom, France, Switzerland, and Germany, and some have since returned.
Portugal Population by Fertility and Births
| Metric | Figure |
|---|---|
| Live births, 2023 | About 85,700 |
| Live births, 2024 | About 84,900 |
| Live births, 2025 | 87,732 (up 3.3%, or 2,798) |
| Crude birth rate, 2025 | About 7.7 per 1,000 |
| Total fertility rate, 2023 (INE earlier series) | 1.44 |
| Total fertility rate, 2024 (INE earlier series) | 1.40 |
| Total fertility rate, 2024 (revised base, secondary report) | About 1.27 |
| Total fertility rate, 2025 (revised base, secondary report) | About 1.30 |
| INE central projection for 2100 | 1.50 |
Fertility rates calculated on the revised population base come from a secondary report and should be confirmed against INE’s updated indicators before publication.
Births rose in 2025 for the first time in some years, but the increase is small and reflects the growing number of immigrant women of childbearing age more than a rise in fertility. Portugal’s fertility is among the lowest in Europe and has been below replacement since the early 1980s. After the 2026 revision raised the number of women of childbearing age, the recalculated rate fell to roughly 1.3, which would put Portugal close to Spain and Italy.
Portugal Population by Mortality and Life Expectancy
| Metric | Figure |
|---|---|
| Deaths, 2024 | About 119,000 |
| Deaths, 2025 | 122,332 (including 620 non-residents) |
| Crude death rate, 2024 | 11.1 per 1,000 |
| Life expectancy, 2022 to 2024 | 81.49 years |
| Life expectancy, 2023 to 2025 (secondary report) | About 81.75 years |
| Life expectancy at 65, 2022 to 2024 | 20.02 years |
| Infant mortality, 2024 | 3.0 per 1,000 live births |
| Natural balance, 2025 (vital statistics) | -34,244 |
Life expectancy has risen by about 1.2 years in a decade, mostly because of falling mortality at ages 60 and over, with a larger contribution among women. Deaths have exceeded births every year for decades, and the natural deficit has been stable at about 34,000 in each of the last two years.
Portugal Population Growth Drivers
| Component (2025) | People |
|---|---|
| Natural balance | -34,053 |
| Net migration | +70,862 |
| Population growth | +36,809 |
| Migratory growth rate | 0.62% |
In 2025 the migration surplus covered the natural deficit about twice over, but the gap between them was much smaller than in 2022 to 2024, when net migration was several times larger. Portugal is now fully dependent on migration for any growth, and the size of the inflow has become the main uncertainty in the population outlook.
Portugal Population by Religion
| Affiliation (2021 Census, approximate) | Share of population |
|---|---|
| Catholic | Roughly 80% |
| No religion | Roughly 10% to 15% |
| Other Christian | About 3% to 4% |
| Muslim, Hindu, and other | About 2% to 3% |
Religion figures are rounded approximations from the 2021 Census and survey sources and should be checked against INE’s published census tables before publication. The census question on religion is optional.
Portugal is still one of the most Catholic countries in Western Europe, though regular practice is much lower than affiliation, and the share without religion has grown among younger people. Immigration from Brazil has increased the Evangelical Protestant community, while migrants from Nepal, India, and Pakistan have expanded the Hindu, Sikh, and Muslim communities.
Portugal Population by Language
Portuguese is the official language and is spoken by nearly everyone, and Mirandese is a recognized regional language in the northeast. Portuguese is also the main language of the largest immigrant groups, from Brazil, Angola, and Cape Verde, which has made integration easier in language terms, though differences in vocabulary and accents are noticeable. Other languages heard in Lisbon and the Algarve include English, French, Hindi, Nepali, Bengali, and Ukrainian.
Portugal Households and Housing
| Indicator | Approximate figure |
|---|---|
| Average household size | About 2.5 people |
| Homeownership | A majority of households own their home |
| Housing pressure | Highest in Lisbon, Porto, and the Algarve |
Household size has been falling, and the number of households is growing faster than the population. Housing is the most contentious consequence of rapid population growth. Prices and rents in Lisbon, Porto, and the Algarve have risen far faster than incomes, and the debate over short-term rentals, golden visas, and foreign buyers is closely tied to the demographic story. The household figures are rounded approximations.
Portugal Population Density and Settlement
| Category | Detail |
|---|---|
| National density | About 124 people per km2 |
| Land area | About 92,200 km2 |
| Densest areas | Lisbon area, Porto area, the coastal strip |
| Sparsest areas | Interior Alentejo, Beira Interior, Trás-os-Montes |
| Share of the population in Norte and Grande Lisboa | About 54% |
Portugal’s population is heavily concentrated on the Atlantic coast between Braga and Setúbal and along the Algarve coast, while the interior has been emptying for decades. The Lisbon and Porto areas together hold more than half of the country.
Portugal Population Compared With Other Countries
| Country | Approximate population (2026) |
|---|---|
| Spain | 49.6 million |
| Netherlands | 18.1 million |
| Belgium | About 11.8 million |
| Portugal | 11.4 million |
| Czechia | About 10.9 million |
| Sweden | About 10.5 million |
| Greece | About 10.4 million |
Figures other than Portugal’s, Spain’s, and the Netherlands’ are rounded approximations.
Following the revision, Portugal’s population is larger than those of Czechia, Sweden, and Greece, and it is about a quarter the size of Spain’s. Its growth rate in 2025, at 0.32 percent, is lower than Spain’s, at about 0.9 percent, which has been driven by even larger migration flows.
Portugal Population Projections
| INE projection (published September 2025, pre-revision base) | Central scenario |
|---|---|
| Population in 2024 (old base) | 10.7 million |
| Population in 2100 | 8.3 million |
| Working-age population (15 to 64), 2024 | 6.8 million |
| Working-age population (15 to 64), 2100 | 4.2 million |
| Population under age 15, now | About 1.4 million |
| Population under age 15, 2100 | Fewer than 1 million |
| Fertility rate assumption, 2024 to 2100 | 1.40 rising to 1.50 |
| Population under 15 below 1.3 million | In 2043 |
| Point at which aging stabilizes | After 2060 |
These projections were built on the old population base, before the June 2026 revision added about 637,000 people, so they likely understate Portugal’s future population. INE has not yet published new projections on the revised base.
INE’s central scenario has Portugal losing about 2.4 million people between 2024 and 2100, with Grande Lisboa, the Algarve, and the Setúbal Peninsula the only regions to avoid decline. Under that scenario, Norte, today’s biggest region, would lose its lead to Grande Lisboa in the early 2080s. The projection’s starting point is now outdated, because the real population is already about 0.7 million higher, and the revised foreign-resident count implies a younger age structure than the earlier numbers did.
Major Demographic Trends Shaping Portugal
- A record population of 11.4 million, with a revised series showing a much larger immigration surge than previously thought
- A sharp slowdown, from a gain of 330,587 in 2022 to only 36,809 in 2025
- A foreign population of 1.6 million, or 14.0 percent, which has more than doubled since 2021
- A natural decline of about 34,000 a year, covered only by migration
- Fertility among the lowest in Europe, with a small rise in births in 2025
- A median age of 45.8 and an aging index of 188.8, with aging cushioned by immigration
- Concentration in Norte and Grande Lisboa, and in the Algarve’s dependence on foreign residents
- Brazil as the main source of immigrants, with 574,195 residents
- Life expectancy of about 81.5 to 81.75 years, rising slowly
- Long-term projections that are out of date and likely too low
Economic and Social Impact of Portugal’s Population Trends
Housing and the Cost of Living
Rapid population growth, tourism, and foreign investment have pushed housing costs up faster than wages in Lisbon, Porto, and the Algarve. Housing affordability is a major political issue, and the revised population counts show that the pressure on housing was greater than official data had suggested.
Labor Supply
Immigrants fill labor shortages in agriculture, construction, hospitality, and care, and the large majority of foreign residents are of working age. The slowdown in migration in 2025 could tighten the labor market in sectors that have come to rely on foreign workers.
Pensions and Aging
With a median age near 46 and an aging index of almost 190, Portugal faces high pension and health costs. Immigration is a source of new contributors, but formal employment and social security registration are needed for them to contribute fully.
Regional Imbalances
The interior continues to lose people, services, and schools, while the coast and the Algarve grow. The Algarve is the clearest example of a region whose economy and population increasingly depend on foreign residents and tourism.
Integration and Politics
The rapid growth of the immigrant population has changed the political debate, with tighter rules on residence permits and citizenship under discussion, and with debate over the capacity of the AIMA agency to process applications.
Key Challenges Facing the Portugal Population
- A natural decline and fertility among the lowest in Europe
- Dependence on migration for all population growth, with a flow that slowed sharply in 2025
- Housing affordability in Lisbon, Porto, and the Algarve
- An aging population and pressure on pensions and health care
- Integration of a foreign population that now makes up 14 percent of residents
- Depopulation of the interior
- Emigration of young, educated Portuguese
- Planning with projections that are based on an outdated population base
Frequently Asked Questions About the Portugal Population
What is the population of Portugal in 2026?
INE estimated 11,424,031 residents on 31 December 2025, the highest number ever recorded.
Why did Portugal’s population estimate change so much?
INE’s 2025 estimates were the first based entirely on administrative data, and they showed that earlier estimates had undercounted foreign residents. The 2024 figure was revised from 10,749,635 to 11,387,222.
How fast is Portugal’s population growing?
By 36,809 people, or 0.32 percent, in 2025, much slower than the 330,587 added in 2022.
How many foreigners live in Portugal?
1,597,539 foreign nationals, or 14.0 percent of residents, at the end of 2025, more than double the 2021 figure of 748,155.
What is the largest foreign community in Portugal? Brazilians, with 574,195 residents, or 35.9 percent of all foreign residents.
What is Portugal’s fertility rate? INE’s earlier series showed 1.40 in 2024, and rates recalculated on the revised population are lower, at about 1.3.
How many babies were born in Portugal in 2025?
87,732, up 3.3 percent from 2024, though deaths of 122,332 still exceeded births.
What is the median age in Portugal?
45.8 years in 2025, down slightly from 46.1 in 2021, because immigrants are mostly of working age.
Which region of Portugal has the most people?
Norte, with 3,790,554 residents, or 33.2 percent of the total, followed by Grande Lisboa.
What will Portugal’s population be in 2100?
INE’s central projection, built on the earlier population base, has 8.3 million, but this is likely too low after the 2026 revision and will need to be updated.
Sources
- Instituto Nacional de Estatística (INE), Estimativas de População Residente 2025, Destaque of 22 June 2026
- INE, Estimativas de População Residente em Portugal 2024 (18 June 2025)
- INE, Estatísticas Vitais, Estatísticas Demográficas 2023, and monthly vital statistics for 2024 and 2025
- INE, Esperança de vida à nascença 2022 to 2024 (30 May 2025)
- INE, Projeções da População Residente 2024 to 2100 (30 September 2025)
- Euronews Portugal, Observador, Jornal Económico, DN, and Idealista, coverage of the INE 2025 estimates (June 2026)
- Fundação Francisco Manuel dos Santos, PORDATA, press release for World Population Day 2025
- INE, 2021 Census results